• Arthur Morgan on a Nokota horse. The moon is in front of them, banked by clouds.
    V. Wuthering Heights

    The Serpent Defanged: RDR2’s Misuse of Wuthering Heights

    On the face of it, the writers' choice to use Wuthering Heights to shape the narrative of Red Dead Redemption 2 was a promising one. Emily Brontë’s 1847 novel, Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar explain, is “a radically corrective ‘misreading’ of Milton . . . with the fall from heaven to hell transformed into a fall from a realm that conventional theology would associate with ‘hell’ (the Heights) to a place that parodies ‘heaven’ (the Grange)” (189). RDR2 attempts a similar project, with Arthur’s fall into knowledge being not the path to sin, but to redemption.

  • A skeleton that was once a woman named Martha. She lies on the floor of her cabin, clutching her chest.
    IV. Interlude: Desperado

    “It’s Just a Girl”: Gender, Misogyny, and Homophobia in RDR2 III

    The flawed beliefs about gender that Dan Houser, Michael Unsworth, and Rupert Humphries demonstrate through RDR2 harm their efforts to write characters of both the genders the game depicts. They dismiss the women and damn the men rather than allow them to act in ways the Western codes as feminine. If they were able to understand that women are not lesser beings, perhaps their minds would be broad enough to imagine other endings for their male characters. But they aren't: women are not written well in RDR2.

  • Arthur Morgan standing in Flatiron Lake. He looks back at Jack Marston, who stands on the shore. The photo is backlit and the light is misty and glowing.
    I. Paradise Lost

    Virgin Lands: RDR2’s Dream of Colonizing Eden

    Red Dead Redemption 2 mourns the loss of Eden: the outlaw life in pre-Industrial America. But under the brutal rule of colonialism, who is it who lost paradise? All articles on this site feature detailed discussion of literary allusions in Red Dead Redemption 2, and as such contain unmarked major and minor spoilers for the game, and occasionally the eventual fates of some characters in Red Dead Redemption. Read at your own risk. One of the cleverest things the developers did in Red Dead Redemption 2 was to make the technical limitations of Red Dead Redemption thematic. John can’t swim; Arthur can. John prints; Arthur writes. Arthur is more eloquent…